北京拆除打工子弟学校疏解人口压力

Thousands of China’s children could be out of school this autumn as Beijing begins demolishing some of the city’s largest migrant schools.

随着北京市开始拆除市内一些大型打工子弟学校，今年秋天可能会有成千上万中国儿童面临失学。

The demolitions come as Beijing authorities look to push out migrant workers and rein in the city’s population — a citywide “urban rectification” campaign that involves tearing down small businesses and homes.

此次拆除行动的背景是北京市政府希望疏散外来务工人员，控制北京市人口。在一场在全市展开的“城市整治”行动中，一些小店和住房被拆除。

The campaign, which began earlier this year, has spread to Beijing’s urban fringes, where schools for migrant children face an uncertain future.

这场始于今年早些时候的行动已蔓延至北京的城市边缘，位于那里的打工子弟学校面临着充满变数的未来。

“We have hundreds of students already signed up for next year,” said Jia Yusheng, managing principal of Zhiquan School in north Beijing, which educates 700 migrant students. “If we are torn down, where do they go? We are doing all we can to look for another location.”

位于北京市北部的智泉学校(Zhiquan School)的教师姜雨声表示：“我们有数百名学生已经注册了下一学年。如果我校被拆除，他们去哪儿？我们正竭尽全力寻找别的地方。”目前有700名打工子弟在智泉学校就读。

Beijing’s population has ballooned from 10.1m long-term residents in 2000 to 21.7m in 2016, according to census data. At least 8m of those residents lack the coveted Beijing hukou, or household registration, which entitles them to public services such as education.

人口普查数据显示，北京市常住人口已从2000年的约1010万猛增至2016年的约2170万，其中至少有800万人没有令人垂涎的北京户口。有北京户口才有资格享有教育等公共服务。

As a result, privately run schools — only some of which are licensed — have sprung up in Beijing’s outskirts to teach the city’s millions of migrant children. Regulatory crackdowns over the past decade have left about 100 still standing, down from several hundred.

其结果是，北京郊区涌现大量民办学校、为这座城市数百万打工子弟提供教育，但其中仅有部分学校拥有办学许可证。经过过去十年的监管整顿，数百所打工子弟学校现在仅剩100所左右。

These surviving migrant schools are now imperilled by Beijing’s depopulation drive. This year Beijing’s municipal government revealed plans to cap the city’s long-term population at 23m people by 2020 and move out non-essential administrative and university facilities to nearby provinces.

北京市疏散人口的行动如今危及到了这些幸存的打工子弟学校。今年北京市政府公布计划，到2020年时要把常住人口控制在2300万，并把非必要的行政单位和大学迁出到临近省份。

The depopulation initiative has particularly affected migrants. Beijing has begun the process of hiring thousands of police to check the identification papers of migrant workers.

这一疏散人口计划对外来务工人员的影响尤其大。北京市已启动了招收数千名警察检查外来务工人员身份证件的工作。

Small businesses, which generate 35 per cent of the city’s income and often employ workers from outside of Beijing, have been disproportionately shuttered in the urban rectification campaign. Residential areas where many migrant workers rent have been deemed “shantytowns” and torn down.

在这场城市整治行动中，小商户被关闭的比例格外的高。小商户贡献了这座城市收入的35%，且常常雇佣外来人口。许多外来务工人员租住的住宅区被认为是“棚户区”并遭到拆除。

“Migrant schools are unfortunately just one fragment that has been swept away by this whole depopulation wave,” said Wei Jiayu, a research director at New Citizens Group, a Beijing-based education non-profit group.

位于北京的非营利教育项目“新公民计划”的总干事魏佳羽表示：“很遗憾，打工子弟学校只是被这波人口疏散浪潮冲走的一块碎片。”

Seven other migrant schools contacted by the Financial Times had been demolished or were facing demolition.

英国《金融时报》联系的另外7所打工子弟学校或者已被拆除，或者面临被拆除的命运。

“I am not going to look for another place. The school is done,” said the principal of a school in western Beijing that was recently demolished. “After 18 years, we have run into a dead end.”

北京市西部一所近期被拆除的学校的校长表示：“我不打算去找别的校址。学校已经完了。经过了18年，我们已走入了死胡同。”

In recent years, Beijing has tightened the requirements for migrant parents who wish to enrol their children in local public schools. For the thousands of students who may not have a school to return to in the autumn, they must choose between leaving Beijing or stop attending school.

近年来，北京市收紧了对那些希望子女被本地公立学校招收的外来务工人员的要求。对成千上万今年秋天可能无校可返的学生来说，他们必须在离开北京和辍学之间做出选择。

The Zhiquan School holds a licence to operate but the entire neighbourhood around the school was deemed an illegal settlement eligible for demolition. To speed up the demolitions, local authorities cut off the power and water to residents on Tuesday.

智泉学校虽拥有办学许可证，但该校所在的整个社区被视为非法定居点，符合拆除规定。为加快拆除进程，周二当地有关部门切断了那里居民的供水供电。

Mr Jia and his colleagues bought an independent power generator in response but authorities indicated they would tow it away.

为应对这种情况，姜雨声和同事买了一台发电机，但有关部门表示他们会把发电机拖走。

“Let them climb over the wall if they want to take our generator!” said Qin Jijie, the school’s head principal. Yet other schools have already quietly folded.

智泉学校校长秦继杰说：“他们想拿走我们的发电机就让他们翻墙过来拿吧！”不过，其他学校已悄无声息地关门了。